SparkNotes: SAT Subject Test: Biology: Cell Respiration
Alcoholic Fermentation Another route to NAD+ produces alcohol (ethanol) as a by-product: pyruvate + NADHethyl alcohol + NAD+ + CO2 Alcoholic fermentation is the source of ethyl alcohol present in wines and liquors. The Krebs cycle is called a cycle because one of the molecules it starts with, the four-carbon oxaloacetate, is regenerated by the end of the cycle to start the cycle over again
Expression - Biology-Online Dictionary
expressed genes include those that are transcribed into mrna and then translated into protein and those that are transcribed into rna but not translated into protein (for example, transfer and ribosomal RNAs)
Plants can also produce ATP in this manner in their mitochondria but plants can also produce ATP by using the energy of sunlight in chloroplasts as discussed later. Now that scientists understand how some of these highly organized molecules function and why they are required for life, their origin must be explained
A variety of ingenious techniques have been used to select the correctly oriented protein population, for example by trapping the electron donor within the liposome and supplying the acceptor only to the external face. The main components participate in the approximate order of their redox potentials, and the bulky complexes are linked by low molecular weight mobile carriers which ferry the reducing equivalents from one complex to the next
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Before we examine the details of ATP synthesis, we shall step back and look at the big picture by exploring the structure and function of the mitochondria, where oxidative phosphorylation occurs. Instead of two separate reactions where ATP loses a phosphate (Equation 3) and glycerol picks up a phosphate (Equation 2), the enzyme allows the phosphate to move directly from ATP to glycerol (Equation 4)
Carbon is the fundamental building block of all the organic compounds needed by living things, including nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins and fats. For example, Neisseria meningitidis ferments glucose and maltose, but not sucrose and lactose, while Neisseria gonorrhoea ferments glucose, but not maltose, sucrose or lactose
Xenobiotic metabolism a series of enzymatic reactions that convert a foreign chemical compound into an inert substance that can be safely excreted from the body. HDL-cholesterol is considered "good cholesterol," because higher blood levels of HDL-cholesterol are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease
Microbiology - Notes for Exam 2: How much energy does fermentation ...
The final carrier in the chain donates the electrons and protons to the terminal electron acceptor Fai492 Answered in Microbiology - Notes for Exam 2 Electron transfer results in what, besides the proton motive force? The generation of a pH gradient across the membrane; the inside becomes electrically negative and alkaline, the outside electrically positive and acidic Fai492 Answered in Microbiology - Notes for Exam 2 What does ATP synthase (ATPase) do? It is a complex that converts the proton motive force into ATP using two components. It plays a key role in catabolism and biosynthesis Fai492 Answered in Microbiology - Notes for Exam 2 What is anaerobic respiration (in detail)? The use of electron acceptors other than oxygen
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
The diffusible electron carriers NADH and FADH2 carry hydrogen atoms (protons and electrons) from substrates in exergonic catabolic pathways such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to other electron carriers that are embedded in membranes. Fertilizer The nutrients in the wastes or energy crops are concentrated into the liquid fraction of the digestate wastes and converted into more available forms
Cell Research - Mitochondrial H2O2 generated from electron transport chain complex I stimulates muscle differentiation
Furthermore, decreased ATP synthesis in mitochondria in response to rotenone and siRNAs against complex I subunits seemed to be compensated by increased glycolysis (Figure 9). The stimulatory effect of mH2O2 on muscle differentiation was observed in both H9c2 and P19CL6 EC cells, suggesting that diverse cells, including cardiac stem cells, require ROS generation at mETC complexes to fully differentiate
PICTURE endosymbiosis Theory that attempts to explain the origin of the DNA-containing mitochondria and chloroplasts in early eukaryotes by the engulfing of various types of bacteria that were not digested but became permanent additions to the ancestral "eukaryote". epithelial tissue Cells in animals that are closely packed in either single or multiple layers, and which cover both internal and external surfaces of the animal body
Cell Respiration: Introduction
Since most textbooks provide abundant details of the chemical reactions in respiration, this tutorial will focus on how the chemical energy in glucose is converted into ATP and where respiration occurs in the cell. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved
Electron Transport Chain - Chemwiki
Sign In Forgot Password Register username password If you like us, please share us on social media, tell your friends, tell your professor or consider building or adopting a Wikitext for your course. The driving force of the ETC is the fact that each electron carrier has a higher standard reduction potential than the one that it accepts electrons from
How is ATP made during photosynthesis?
Due to the resulting electrochemical gradient, the protons flow back in through the membrane, but they flow through a protein known as ATP synthase, which -- according to unverified theory -- slams a phosphate group onto adenosine diphosphate, resulting in adenosine triphosphate
Weegy: The Krebs Cycle is a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy User: Why is more ATP found in muscle cells than in bone cells? Muscle cells use energy less efficiently than bone cells. Muscle cells power motion, so they have greater energy needs than bone cells.Why is more ATP found in muscle cells than in bone cells? Muscle cells use energy less efficiently than bone cells
How many ATP molecules are produced by one molecule of glucose
The formation of ATP from ADP requires energy, thus ATP can be synthesized through the energy released by the splitting of a higher-energy phosphate molecule. Some high-energy phosphate molecules have a lower free energy of hydrolysis than ATP, meaning more energy is released by the removal of a phosphate group
and the Electron Transport chain yield? Toothguy80, 06.28.07, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 3 Views: 2,175 dentz 07.01.07 how many electron transport chains in mitochondrion? 113zami, 05.31.08, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 8 Views: 1,765 bigstix808 06.01.08 How many total ATP produced? Sea of ASH, 06.09.08, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 8 Views: 1,790 Sea of ASH 06.10.08 Electron transport chain themrn, 06.20.13, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 5 Views: 609 themrn 06.21.13 Loading... doc3232 Joined: 02.15.08 Messages: 3,811 Status: Dental Student Not to confuse even more, but some books say only 2.5 ATP are made from NADH and 1.5 ATP from FADH2...I think Princeton does this
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