Xenobiotic metabolism a series of enzymatic reactions that convert a foreign chemical compound into an inert substance that can be safely excreted from the body. HDL-cholesterol is considered "good cholesterol," because higher blood levels of HDL-cholesterol are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease
PICTURE endosymbiosis Theory that attempts to explain the origin of the DNA-containing mitochondria and chloroplasts in early eukaryotes by the engulfing of various types of bacteria that were not digested but became permanent additions to the ancestral "eukaryote". epithelial tissue Cells in animals that are closely packed in either single or multiple layers, and which cover both internal and external surfaces of the animal body
Cell Respiration: Introduction
Since most textbooks provide abundant details of the chemical reactions in respiration, this tutorial will focus on how the chemical energy in glucose is converted into ATP and where respiration occurs in the cell. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, andother Energy-Releasing Pathways
An eight-carbon fatty acid can produce 4 acetyl CoA's Each acetyl CoA is worth 12 ATP's (3 NADP, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP) Therefore, this short fatty acid is worth 48 ATP's, a fat with three chains of this length would be worth 144 ATP's! This is why fats are such a good source of energy, and are bad if you want to lose weight A comparison between Plants and Animals Animal cells and Plant cells contain mitochondria! However, animal cells contain many more mitochondria than plant cells Animal cells get most of their ATP from mitochondria Plant cells get most of their ATP from the chloroplast The ATP generated from the mitochondria is only used when the plant cannot generate ATP directly from the light-dependent reactions
It allows the protons to pass from the cristae into the matrix, however the released energy is not used to make ATP, but it is dissipated in form of heat. After having been passed to complex IV the electrons lost most of their energy, however, they still have enough energy to be passed to oxygen which is reduced to water
Cell Research - Mitochondrial H2O2 generated from electron transport chain complex I stimulates muscle differentiation
Furthermore, decreased ATP synthesis in mitochondria in response to rotenone and siRNAs against complex I subunits seemed to be compensated by increased glycolysis (Figure 9). The stimulatory effect of mH2O2 on muscle differentiation was observed in both H9c2 and P19CL6 EC cells, suggesting that diverse cells, including cardiac stem cells, require ROS generation at mETC complexes to fully differentiate
In this case, carbon dioxide gets used to produce sugars in a series of reactions called the Calvin Cycle, C4 photosynthesis, and crassulacean acid metabolism. There are a couple of ways this works in cells: -glycolysis, in which glucose is broken up into two subunits, called pyruvate, which creates two units of ATP per molecule of glucose
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
The diffusible electron carriers NADH and FADH2 carry hydrogen atoms (protons and electrons) from substrates in exergonic catabolic pathways such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to other electron carriers that are embedded in membranes. Fertilizer The nutrients in the wastes or energy crops are concentrated into the liquid fraction of the digestate wastes and converted into more available forms
Cellular Respiration
This has strengthened the theory that mitochondria are the evolutionary descendants of a bacterium that established an endosymbiotic relationship with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells early in the history of life on earth. (Defects in either process can produce serious, even fatal, illness.) The Outer Membrane The outer membrane contains many complexes of integral membrane proteins that form channels through which a variety of molecules and ions move in and out of the mitochondrion
How is ATP produced and used in living organisms? - A-Level Science - Marked by Teachers.com
Results: Colour of spot Pigment Distance travelled by spot from base line (cm) Distance travelled by solvent (cm) Rf value : Yellow Carotene 6.1 6.2 0.98 Yellow-grey Phaeophytin 4.7 6.2 0.75 Yellow-brown Xantophyll 4.2 6.2 0.67 Blue-green Chlorophyll a 3.3 6.2 To investigate how much energy (Kj) is stored in different types of peanuts and ... (17) Acetylcholine is involved in delivering signals from your brain to your muscles; it also controls energy levels, breathing, cardiac rhythm and oversees the flow of information in your brain playing a vital role in learning and memory
Weegy: The Krebs Cycle is a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy User: Why is more ATP found in muscle cells than in bone cells? Muscle cells use energy less efficiently than bone cells. Muscle cells power motion, so they have greater energy needs than bone cells.Why is more ATP found in muscle cells than in bone cells? Muscle cells use energy less efficiently than bone cells
and the Electron Transport chain yield? Toothguy80, 06.28.07, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 3 Views: 2,175 dentz 07.01.07 how many electron transport chains in mitochondrion? 113zami, 05.31.08, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 8 Views: 1,765 bigstix808 06.01.08 How many total ATP produced? Sea of ASH, 06.09.08, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 8 Views: 1,790 Sea of ASH 06.10.08 Electron transport chain themrn, 06.20.13, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 5 Views: 609 themrn 06.21.13 Loading... doc3232 Joined: 02.15.08 Messages: 3,811 Status: Dental Student Not to confuse even more, but some books say only 2.5 ATP are made from NADH and 1.5 ATP from FADH2...I think Princeton does this
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