Photosynthesis
The proteins operate similarly to a group of dominoes: after the first one has been pushed, each protein transfers energy to each member along down the line. The electrons from the electron transport chain combine with these H+ ions and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ions (NADP+) to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and a reduced unit of NADP+, called NADPH (NADP plus an electron, or H)
Fatty acids and amino acids when transported into the mitochondria are degraded into the two-carbon acetyl group on acetyl CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle. These ATP molecules are formed when phosphate groups are removed from phosphorylated intermediate products of glycolysis and transferred to ADP, a process called substrate level phosphorylation (synthesis of ATP by direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from a molecule in a metabolic pathway to ADP)
Membrane transport systems as couplers of metabolic pathways
Compartments represent aqueous solutions like the cytoplasm, extracellular fluid, the mitochondrial matrix, or the endoplasmatic reticulum lumen all separated from each other by membranes or phospholipid bilayers. This transporter carries inorganic phosphate along protons in an electroneutral manner pushing the negatively charged phosphate against the electrochemical gradient
Human Physiology - Cell structure and function
This attachment of a phosphate group to the carrier molecule causes a conformational change in (or a change in the shape of ) the protein so that a channel opens between the inside and outside of the cell membrane. Then, on the inside of the cell, ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) binds to another site on the carrier and phosphorylates (adds one of its phospate groups, or -PO4, to) one of the amino acids that is part of the carrier molecule
Microbiology - Notes for Exam 2: How much energy does fermentation ...
The final carrier in the chain donates the electrons and protons to the terminal electron acceptor Fai492 Answered in Microbiology - Notes for Exam 2 Electron transfer results in what, besides the proton motive force? The generation of a pH gradient across the membrane; the inside becomes electrically negative and alkaline, the outside electrically positive and acidic Fai492 Answered in Microbiology - Notes for Exam 2 What does ATP synthase (ATPase) do? It is a complex that converts the proton motive force into ATP using two components. It plays a key role in catabolism and biosynthesis Fai492 Answered in Microbiology - Notes for Exam 2 What is anaerobic respiration (in detail)? The use of electron acceptors other than oxygen
Xenobiotic metabolism a series of enzymatic reactions that convert a foreign chemical compound into an inert substance that can be safely excreted from the body. HDL-cholesterol is considered "good cholesterol," because higher blood levels of HDL-cholesterol are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease
Expression - Biology-Online Dictionary
expressed genes include those that are transcribed into mrna and then translated into protein and those that are transcribed into rna but not translated into protein (for example, transfer and ribosomal RNAs)
With anaerobic respiration the shortage of oxygen in the cells means that they must find another way to convert NADH back into NAD, this process is called fermentation. Electron Transport Chain The third stage consists mainly of the movement of H+, carried by NADH2, from the matrix into the intermembrane space via proton pumps in the mitochondria
A variety of ingenious techniques have been used to select the correctly oriented protein population, for example by trapping the electron donor within the liposome and supplying the acceptor only to the external face. The main components participate in the approximate order of their redox potentials, and the bulky complexes are linked by low molecular weight mobile carriers which ferry the reducing equivalents from one complex to the next
Carbon is the fundamental building block of all the organic compounds needed by living things, including nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins and fats. For example, Neisseria meningitidis ferments glucose and maltose, but not sucrose and lactose, while Neisseria gonorrhoea ferments glucose, but not maltose, sucrose or lactose
PICTURE endosymbiosis Theory that attempts to explain the origin of the DNA-containing mitochondria and chloroplasts in early eukaryotes by the engulfing of various types of bacteria that were not digested but became permanent additions to the ancestral "eukaryote". epithelial tissue Cells in animals that are closely packed in either single or multiple layers, and which cover both internal and external surfaces of the animal body
How many ATP molecules are produced by one molecule of glucose
The formation of ATP from ADP requires energy, thus ATP can be synthesized through the energy released by the splitting of a higher-energy phosphate molecule. Some high-energy phosphate molecules have a lower free energy of hydrolysis than ATP, meaning more energy is released by the removal of a phosphate group
How is ATP produced and used in living organisms? - A-Level Science - Marked by Teachers.com
Results: Colour of spot Pigment Distance travelled by spot from base line (cm) Distance travelled by solvent (cm) Rf value : Yellow Carotene 6.1 6.2 0.98 Yellow-grey Phaeophytin 4.7 6.2 0.75 Yellow-brown Xantophyll 4.2 6.2 0.67 Blue-green Chlorophyll a 3.3 6.2 To investigate how much energy (Kj) is stored in different types of peanuts and ... (17) Acetylcholine is involved in delivering signals from your brain to your muscles; it also controls energy levels, breathing, cardiac rhythm and oversees the flow of information in your brain playing a vital role in learning and memory
It allows the protons to pass from the cristae into the matrix, however the released energy is not used to make ATP, but it is dissipated in form of heat. After having been passed to complex IV the electrons lost most of their energy, however, they still have enough energy to be passed to oxygen which is reduced to water
Cell Respiration: Introduction
Since most textbooks provide abundant details of the chemical reactions in respiration, this tutorial will focus on how the chemical energy in glucose is converted into ATP and where respiration occurs in the cell. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, andother Energy-Releasing Pathways
An eight-carbon fatty acid can produce 4 acetyl CoA's Each acetyl CoA is worth 12 ATP's (3 NADP, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP) Therefore, this short fatty acid is worth 48 ATP's, a fat with three chains of this length would be worth 144 ATP's! This is why fats are such a good source of energy, and are bad if you want to lose weight A comparison between Plants and Animals Animal cells and Plant cells contain mitochondria! However, animal cells contain many more mitochondria than plant cells Animal cells get most of their ATP from mitochondria Plant cells get most of their ATP from the chloroplast The ATP generated from the mitochondria is only used when the plant cannot generate ATP directly from the light-dependent reactions
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
The diffusible electron carriers NADH and FADH2 carry hydrogen atoms (protons and electrons) from substrates in exergonic catabolic pathways such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to other electron carriers that are embedded in membranes. Fertilizer The nutrients in the wastes or energy crops are concentrated into the liquid fraction of the digestate wastes and converted into more available forms
Cell Research - Mitochondrial H2O2 generated from electron transport chain complex I stimulates muscle differentiation
Furthermore, decreased ATP synthesis in mitochondria in response to rotenone and siRNAs against complex I subunits seemed to be compensated by increased glycolysis (Figure 9). The stimulatory effect of mH2O2 on muscle differentiation was observed in both H9c2 and P19CL6 EC cells, suggesting that diverse cells, including cardiac stem cells, require ROS generation at mETC complexes to fully differentiate
Weegy: The Krebs Cycle is a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy User: Why is more ATP found in muscle cells than in bone cells? Muscle cells use energy less efficiently than bone cells. Muscle cells power motion, so they have greater energy needs than bone cells.Why is more ATP found in muscle cells than in bone cells? Muscle cells use energy less efficiently than bone cells
and the Electron Transport chain yield? Toothguy80, 06.28.07, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 3 Views: 2,175 dentz 07.01.07 how many electron transport chains in mitochondrion? 113zami, 05.31.08, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 8 Views: 1,765 bigstix808 06.01.08 How many total ATP produced? Sea of ASH, 06.09.08, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 8 Views: 1,790 Sea of ASH 06.10.08 Electron transport chain themrn, 06.20.13, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 5 Views: 609 themrn 06.21.13 Loading... doc3232 Joined: 02.15.08 Messages: 3,811 Status: Dental Student Not to confuse even more, but some books say only 2.5 ATP are made from NADH and 1.5 ATP from FADH2...I think Princeton does this
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